AI Programs (except Expert Systems)

                                 Program                                                                              Author(s)                                                                        Description
Aaron Harold Cohen A drawing program.
ABDUL/ILANA Harold Cohen Constructs both sides of an argument of the Mideast debate.
AGE (Attempt to Generalize) Penny Nil Programmers can design experts they need for a certain task.
AM (Automated Mathematician) Douglas Lenat Simulates a mathematician.
ANALOGY [pdf] Tom Evans Finds analogies in diagrams similar to ones used in IQ tests.
ART (Automated Reasoning Tool) Inference Corporation An aid to designing expert systems.
Bacon Patrick Langler, Gary Bradshaw A program that makes scientific discoveries
using experimental data.
BORIS (Better Organized Reasoning & Inference
System)
Michael Dyer A story-understanding program.
Buggy John Brown, Richard Burton Analyzes a student's tests results, & sift out the bugs.
CHI Cordell Green Given a brief description of a task in very high-level language called V, CHI writes a detailed LISP program.
CYRUS (Computerized Yale Reasoning & Understanding System) Janet Kolodner Monitored all stories about Cyrus Vance and used them to complie a detailed dossier.
ELI (English Language Interpreter) Chris Riesbeck A natural language program that was the language module of SAM.
Eliza Joseph Weizenbaum Parodied the noncommital style of
questioning of a Rogerian psychoanalyst.
EPAM (Elementary Perciever & Memorizer) Edward Feigenbaum Demonstrated a possible mechanism by which we memorize strings of nonsense syllables.
Eurisko Douglas Lenat Played in a futuristic war game and won. Could make discoveries using some rule as guidelines.
FRUMP (Fast Reading, Understanding, & Memory Program) Jerry DeJong Reads & parapharases news stories from the UPI wire service, indicating that it has, in a sense,understand the subject matter.
GPS (General Problem Solver) Allen Newell, Herbert Simon Could solve problems in symbolic logic.
Harpy Bruce Lowerre, Raj Reddy Understood spoken words.
Hearsay I The Carnegie-Mellon Team Understood spoken words relating to chess.
Hearsay II The Carnegie-Mellon Team Designed to mimic a group of consultants-each with expertise in a different fieldeworking together to solve a problem.
HWIM (Hear What I Mean) William Woods, & the BBN group Used rules of syntax but also of semantics, pragmatics, & prosodics to understand spoke words.
ID3 (Interactive Dichotomizer 3) J. R. Quinlan Splits concepts in two.
Ideology Machine Robert Abelson Simulates the belief system of a right-wing ideologue.
INDUCE Ryszard Michalski Diagnoses soybean diseases.
IPP (Integrated Partial Parser) Michael Lebowitz Follows news stories about terrorism and learns from them.
Logic Theorist Herbert Gelernter Proved theorems in plane geometry.
Lunar William Woods Could understand questions and gave answers about geology.
MARGIE (Memory, Analysis, Response Generation in English) Christopher Riesbeck, Chuck Rieger, Neil Goldman Could understand sentences.
PAM (Plan Applier Mechanism) Robert Wilensky Had general knowledge about people's goals & desieres & how they might formulate plans to achieve them.
PAMELA  Joe Faletti, Peter Norvig PAM revised to include associated thinking.
Pandemonium Oliver Selfridge Used demon pgms trying to capture the attention of a master demon.
PANDORA (Plan Analyzer with Dynamic Organization, Revision, & Application) Joe Faletti Could analyze plans for conflict, revise them if any conflicts were detected, and apply them when they were determined to be conflict-free.
Parry Kenneth Colby Simulated a patient suffering from paranoia.
PHRAN (Phrasal Analyzer) Yigal Arens A natural language "front end" program. It converted language into conceptual-dependency form.
PHRED (Phrasal English Diction) Steve Upstill A natural-language generating program.
POLITICS Jaime Carbonell A model of a US senator‘s position on foriegn policy questions, complete with belief systems that held the beliefs of a conservative and those of a liberal.
Racter William Chamberlain, Thomas Etter Generates surrealistic-sounding prose in a manner reminiscent of Dada artists of the early 20th century.
SAD SAM Robert K. Lindsay Parsed sentences in ordinary English & extracted from them information about family trees.
SAINT (Symbolic Automatic Integrator) James Slagle Applied the methodology of Newell & Shaw's Logic Theorist to problems of symbolic integration.
SAM (Script Applier Mechanism) Richard Cullingford, Wendy Lehnert Could understand simple stories processing several sentences together.
SHRDLU Terry Winograd Understood simple English sentences but could engage in a typewriten conversation about its world which contained nothing but blocks.
SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval) Bertram Raphael Understood simple English sentences describing situations involving part-whole relations, ownerships, & certain spatial relations.
STUDENT Daniel Bobrow Solved algebra story problems.
TAIL-SPIN James Meehan Makes up stories about animals.
VISIONS (Visual Integration by Semantic Interpretation of Natural Scenes) Victor Lesser A blackboard program in which top-level knowledge interacts with bottom-level knowledge to identify objects in a photograph.
Sources: Machinery of The Mind. Inside the New Science of Artificial Intelligence. (1986)
                    by George Johnson.
              Into The Heart of The Mind. An American Quest For Artificial Intelligence. (1984)
                    by Frank Rose.
              Minds Over Matter. A New Look At Artificial Intelligence. (1985)
                    by Jeffrey Rothfede.
              On Languages, Learning, and The Cognitive Computer. Artificial Intelligence. (1984)
                    by Roger Schank.
              AI. The Tumultuous History of The Search for Artificial Intelligence. (1993)
                    by Daniel Crever.